A retrospective cohort study evaluating the prevalence and incidence of stage 3a–5 NDD-CKD-related anemia (defined as Hb <13 g/dL in males and <12 g/dL in females) in Italy from 2014 to 2016 found that ≤15.5% of eligible patients received ESA treatment [38]. Here, GSTM1 is linked to anemia (phenotype).