Acidemia has been implicated in osteopenia and osteoporosis (Weger et al., 2000), decreased insulin release and sensitivity (Farwell and Taylor, 2008), vascular-endothelial dysfunction (Wesson et al., 2011), progression of chronic kidney disease to end-stage renal disease (Shah et al., 2009; Phisitkul et al., 2010), cardiac arrhythmias (Orchard and Cingolani, 1994), and heart failure (Urso et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene INS and chronic kidney disease.