TNF and Hyperglycemia: In addition, the expression levels of various inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) are increased under the stimulation of persistent hyperglycemia, which has been demonstrated in the vitreous cavity and serum of diabetic patients and various types of diabetic animal models.