PIK3CD and osteosarcoma: Recently, it was found that Glaucocalyxin A can induce apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells by increasing the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential and inducing caspase-3 and caspase-9 cleavage, as found by using PI3K activators and inhibitors This function of Glaucocalyxin A is mainly achieved by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of GLI1 through the regulation of PI3K/AKT pathway (Figure 2F) (99).