REN and kidney disorder: The angiotensinogen (AGT)/renin/angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/angiotensin II (Ang II)/AT1 receptor (AGT/renin/ACE/Ang II/AT1R) axis is the predominant pathway for Ang II formation and responsible for most if not all classic effects of Ang II in the development of hypertension and cardiovascular and kidney diseases (9) (Figure 1).