TGFB1 and gastric cancer: TGF-β signaling pathway (Colak & ten Dijke, 2017; Xiong et al., 2020), mTOR signaling pathway (Fattahi et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2019) and pathway in cancer (Chen et al., 2020; Li et al., 2021b) are common tumor-associated signaling pathways, including in GC.