INS and sarcopenia: Although the exact mechanism underlying the relationships between sarcopenia and cardiometabolic disease remains unclear, current experimental and epidemiological evidence suggests that insulin resistance may play an essential role in mediation pathways (Chalasani et al., 2012; DeFronzo & Tripathy, 2009; Laakso & Kuusisto, 2014; Wang et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2022).