Analysis of mutational frequencies according to etiology showed that FBN2, IRAK3, MAGI1, KDM3B, LRP1B, CTNNB1, SPTA1, and ARID1A were more frequently mutated in HCV-related HCC (p = 0.0024, 0.0143, 0.0143, 0.0151, 0.0153, 0.0286, 0.0337, 0.0482, respectively), ATRX was more frequently mutated in HBV-related HCC (p = 0.0367), COL3A1 was more frequently mutated in dual HBV/HCV inflection (p = 0.0061), and CSMD3 was more frequently mutated in double cancer-related HCC (p = 0.0104) (Fig. 1C). Here, SPTA1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.