VIM and neoplasm: Western blot assay of excised tumor tissue further confirmed that MMA induced a decrease in ZO-1, E-cadherin and p-GSK-3β (Ser9) expression and an increase in ZEB-1, N-cadherin, Vimentin, Serpine1 and β-catenin expression, which demonstrated that MMA induced EMT through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in CRC in vivo (Fig. 5D–G).