In addition, we noticed that the mutation rate of these candidate genes, such as ADCK3, B4GALT5, LPCAT3 and UNC80, was much lower than that of classical oncogenes (e.g., PIK3CA) or tumor suppression genes (e.g., PTEN), further prompting us to speculate that expression changes in these candidate genes could be a major mechanism involved in EC initiation or progression (Supplementary Fig. S2). This evidence concerns the gene LPCAT3 and neoplasm.