NOX1, NOX2, NOX4, and NOX5 (the latter being absent in rodents) are the main NOX subtypes identified in vascular cells.47 The enhanced expression of each NOX isoform and the ensuing ROS formation have been directly associated with the severity of structural and functional alterations of the vascular wall in all major CVDs, including diabetes.48,49 While NOX expression differs in different vascular beds,50 NOX1 and 4 were up-regulated in aorta of diabetic mice. Here, NOX4 is linked to diabetes mellitus.