TNF and non-small cell lung carcinoma: First, further experiments (RNA interference or overexpression methods) are needed to investigate the specific molecular mechanisms of the identified ceRNA pairs in NSCLC progression in a hypoxic microenvironment, and the specific effects of the Wnt, Hippo, Rap1, calcium, mTOR, and TNF signaling pathways in NSCLC under hypoxic conditions should be further verified.