CSF2 and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Since ALI is a complex and clinically heterogeneous syndrome, the effective treatment strategies that can reach consensus today are limited to protective ventilation therapy (auxiliary neuromuscular blockers and prone ventilation), while other anti-inflammatory drugs [e.g., glucocorticoids, macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), statins, aspirin] and drugs to improve lung function (β receptor agonists, nitric oxide inhalation) did not significantly reduce the mortality of ALI (Bellani et al., 2016).