Secondly, cancer EVs can reprogram different stromal cell types such as fibroblasts, macrophages, and mesenchymal stem cells to CAFs (discussed above), which in turn promote angiogenesis via releasing proangiogenic secreted factors such as VEGF, PDGF, and TGF-β, and by altering tumor mechanics (175–178). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cancer.