To exploit these naturally occurring anti-Rha Abs forcancer therapy, cancer cells have been labeled with rhamnose usingrhamnose-functionalized liposomes or antibodies.18,19 Once cancer cells are rhamnose-tagged, anti-Rha Abs from human serumrecognize the cells and activate downstream immune pathways, suchas the complement cascade, leading to cancer cell death in vitro andin vivo.18,19. The gene discussed is DDX41; the disease is cancer.