TNF and atherosclerosis: Arsenic may cause atherosclerosis by increasing transcription of growth factors like granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and VEGF, inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-8, chemokines like monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) [179], [180].