For example, HIV is known to alter the composition and function of EVs, leading to the secretion of infection-promoting host proteins such as virus receptors CCR5 and CXCR4, metalloprotease ADAM17 and other proinflammatory factors, and host restrictive factors such as APOBEC3G and TRIM5α (Mack et al., 2000; Rozmyslowicz et al., 2003; Khatua et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2016; Ciccosanti et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene CCR5 and infection.