Even though individual T-cell subsets have pro- or anti-atherogenic effects, presumably via the cytokines they secrete, complete CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell ablation reduces atherosclerosis in mice [16–19]; however, in advanced atherosclerosis, CD8+ T-cell ablation increases plaque stability [20•], highlighting the complex role of T-cells in atherogenesis. Here, CD4 is linked to atherosclerosis.