The incidence of colonic adenoma was statistically significantly greater in ethanol-treated induced Aldh1b1−/− Msh2-LS mice (P=0.0013, Fisher's exact test; P=0.0047, Mantel–Cox test for survival difference) (Fig. 1D) compared with that in water-treated induced Aldh1b1−/− Msh2-LS mice, and also compared with that in ethanol-treated (and water-treated) non-induced Aldh1b1−/− Msh2-LS control mice (P=0.0073 for both comparisons, Fisher's exact test) (Fig. 1B). Here, MSH2 is linked to colon adenoma.