Indeed, in mice, autism-related genetic deficits in social interactions were recovered by npas4 injections to the prefrontal cortex [38], and contrasting autism-induced changes in expression between shank3 and bdnf were recently demonstrated in rat autism models, where hippocampal and cerebellar increases in shank3 expression were paralleled with decreases in bdnf expression [39]. This evidence concerns the gene BDNF and autism.