TGFB1 and atherosclerosis: have shown that CDA1 was involved in regulating fibrosis by modulating downstream TGF-β1 signaling in murine diabetic models of atherosclerosis and renal fibrosis, and targeted intervention with CDA1 inhibited the pathological pro-fibrotic effect of TGF-β1 without significant effects on other important physiological functions [17–19].