Furthermore, VitD deficiency led to increase in the cortical and outer medulla expression of α-SMA at 24 weeks after diabetes induction when compared to the Ctrl VitDD and DM VitD groups (interaction between diabetes and VitDD, P = 0.004, P = 0.03, respectively) (Fig. 6, Supplementary Fig. 2). The gene discussed is ACTA1; the disease is diabetes mellitus.