TNF and sarcopenia: Proposed risk factors such as aging, estrogen deficiency, systemic inflammation, reduced mobility, glucocorticoid treatment, and sarcopenia are associated with the pathophysiology of osteoporosis or its related fractures.[30] Inflammation has an adverse effect on BMD and it appears to be related to the activation of osteoclasts due to upregulation of osteoclastogenic cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-17, during inflammatory processes.