VEGFA and endometriosis: TNFα, along with other cytokines, is involved in the recruitment and activation of macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and NK cells to the sites of endometriosis implants, enhancing EC proliferation and angiogenesis through increased production of VEGF and the adhesion of endometrium cells to the peritoneal cavity [57, 58].