Intestinal microbiota metabolites taurine, histamine, and spermine also shape the host-microbiome interface by co-modulating NLRP6 inflammasome signaling, epithelial IL-18 secretion, and downstream anti-microbial peptide (AMP) profiles, suggesting the dual role of intestinal flora and IBD (Levy et al., 2015). Here, IL18 is linked to irritable bowel syndrome.