In addition, extracts of Rubia cordifolia and L. riboside, as novel prebiotics, have been shown to alleviate the symptoms of colitis in DSS mice by inhibiting the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 inflammatory pathway and NLRP3 inflammatory vesicles, restoring Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg balance, among other mechanisms (Qin et al., 2022; Zhu et al., 2022). Here, IL6 is linked to colitis.