Indeed, all the tDC embodiments studied and used to date to treat T1D, at least in the NOD/LtJ mouse model of the disease, have resulted in the complete prevention of hyperglycemia and varying success in “reversal” of hyperglycemia and maintenance of an insulin-free, stable, long-term, normoglycemic state (reviewed in (11, 12, 51–54) and listed in Table 2). Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.