Recently, we showed that VC2 infection of several cancer cells in cell culture resulted in significant increase of GM-CSF secretion suggesting that the observed vaccine efficacy of VC2 against lethal challenge with either HSV-1 and HSV-2 via the ocular or genital routes, respectively, may be explained by an “adjuvant” effect associated with GM-CSF production (Clark et al., Frontiers in Microbiology, In Press). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is cancer.