More recently, recurrent mutations in CYLD, predominantly whole-gene deletions and nonsense or frameshift mutations, have been identified in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (21% of cases) (Williams et al., 2021), thymic carcinoma (10% of cases) (Giaccone et al., 2018) and anal carcinoma (13% of cases) (Williams et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene CYLD and anal carcinoma.