VEGFA and cancer: Several trials are showed that the exposure of cancer cells to isoflurane and sevoflurane led to upregulation of HIF-1α, HIF-2α, growth factor and increase transcription of pro-metastatic factors (VEGF, angiopoietin-1, proteases MMP-2 and MMP-9, insulin-like growth factor IGF-1) which enhanced tumor cell proliferation, increased angiogenesis, and cell migration [65, 66].