Similar to the results of healthy adolescent microbiota transplantation, aberrantly activated microglial cells and activity-suppressed astrocytes were ameliorated by Ri. transplantation, manifesting as decreased Iba-1 and increased GFAP expression (Fig. 10F–J), demonstrating the salutary effects of Ri. in anti-depression. Here, GFAP is linked to major depressive disorder.