The identification of mutations in the EGFR gene (EGFR-mutant [EGFR-mut]; coding for a receptor tyrosine kinase) and rearrangements in the ALKgene, found primarily in tumours of non-squamous histology, has led to the development of targeted therapies, EGFR-TKIs (e.g., erlotinib, gefitinib, afatinib, osimertinib, and dacomitinib) and ALK inhibitors (e.g., crizotinib, alectinib, ceritinib, brigatinib and lorlatinib), respectively, for patients with advanced non-squamous NSCLC [10, 11]. This evidence concerns the gene ALK and non-small cell lung carcinoma.