One large retrospective cohort study in 2017 that included 31,789 adults with diabetes found that the incidence of PPDM-A was significantly higher than that of type 1 diabetes, at 2.59 cases per 100,000 person-years and 1.8% of Adult-Onset Diabetes, and that patients with PPDM-A had more difficult glycemic control and greater insulin requirements [25]. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.