We found that pentadecanoic acid alleviated serum ALT (P = 0.0168), AST (P = 0.0393), TNF-α (P = 0.0084) and IL-6 (P = 0.0441) (Fig. 4h), as well as hepatic TBARs (P = 0.0017) (Supplementary Fig. 7a), thus confirming the hepaprotective effect of pentadecanoic acid in NASH. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.