Supplementation with acetate, a P. distasonis-derived short-chain fatty acid (Supplementary Fig. 9e), inhibited the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and serum ALT and AST (Supplementary Fig. 9a–f), indicating that it might act co-operatively with pentadecanoic acid to contribute to the protective effect of inulin against NASH. Here, GPT is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.