IL1B and Alzheimer disease: In another small study, which enrolled 15 healthy women and 20 healthy men, higher concentrations of IL-12, IL-1β, and TNFα and lower levels of IL-2 were found in males compared to women.30 Differences in lipid mediator levels have been observed between males and females in multiple diseases, such as prostaglandins (PGs) in T2D,31 linoleic acid-derived lipid mediators in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,32 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in AD,33 and lipoxin A4 (LXA4) in metabolic syndrome.34