TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: In the case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cytoplasmic inclusions of transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) are observed in approximately 97% of all patients, including patients with sporadic ALS (sALS) or familial ALS (fALS) (1–3), as well as in subsets of patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) (1, 3), Alzheimer’s disease (4), and Parkinson’s disease (5).