β-Adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) are expressed in a broad spectrum of cancer types and are responsible for numerous stress-related responses in cancer cells and in the tumor microenvironment and for that, stress-activated mechanisms driving cancer could be abrogated by the β-adrenergic antagonists, such as propranolol (Thaker et al., 2006). This evidence concerns the gene CTBP1 and neoplasm.