TGFB1 and cancer: Hypoxia plays a critical role in shaping the genomic and evolutionary landscapes of cancer (Bhandari et al., 2020; Zhang X. et al., 2020), with a multifaceted interplay between hormones, growth factors, and hypoxia in a tumor microenvironment milieu (Lappano et al., 2022), including the HIFs (Satija et al., 2021; Sebestyén et al., 2021) and transforming growth factor (TGF-β) produced in the hypoxic, chronic inflammatory settings (Mortezaee and Majidpoor, 2022).