CXCL8 and COVID-19: However, in COVID-19 and other viral infections, type 1 immune response is dominating, leading to hypercytokinemia with high pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, including IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-8 in COVID-19 patients, and is linked to a higher risk of developing ARDS and poor clinical outcomes [61].