TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In addition, antibody neutralization of CD44 reduces obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation, as demonstrated by decreased expression of immune cell markers (CD68, F4/80, CD3e, and CD19), proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) [44].