CTCF and viral infectious disease: It can inhibit or activate gene transcription depending on the cell type, location of the binding site, stimulus, and presence of interacting partners (transcriptional activators, repressors, cohesins, and RNA pol II).[59] Using RNA antisense purification and RNA immunoprecipitation, we observed that in the presence of viral dsRNA, argi and CTCF interact with the regulatory regions of IFNβ and ISG15, suggesting that viral infections in β cells promote ISG expression through the binding of argi and CTCF to regulatory regions of these antiviral genes.