However, a contradictory finding suggests that IRF8 overexpression in TAMs of RCC and other cancer [kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), and skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA), and liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC)] patients is responsible for increased cytotoxic or CD8+ T cell (CTL) exhaustion (PD-1 overexpression) due to increased antigen presentation [98]. Here, IRF8 is linked to cancer.