The maintenance of tumor-induced immunosuppression occurs via local endogenous GM-CSF signaling that drives hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) myeloid commitment and differentiation into potent immunosuppressive MICs (MDSCs, M2 macrophages, and N2 neutrophils) (Fig. 2) [45–47]. Here, CSF2 is linked to neoplasm.