PNPLA3 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In addition to environmental factors such as obesity and lifestyle-related diseases, genetic factors such as patatine-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) single nucleotide polymorphism [46, 47] are generally known to be involved in the development and progression of NAFLD, which may have contributed to their carcinogenesis.