We used SingleR to predict and annotate cell type40, and then the cell type was confirmed using canonical markers (hepatocyte and HCC cell-ALB, endothelial cell-CD34, stem cell-EPCAM, stromal cell-NGFR, B cell-MS4A1, T cell-GNLY, CD3E and CD8A, NK cell-KLRD1, monocyte-CD14 and FCGR3A, macrophage-CD68) (Table S1) (Fig. 2E). Here, EPCAM is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.