TGFB1 and neoplasm: Increased release of suppressive cytokines post-radiation, such as VEGF and TGFβ, may further stimulate the development of an immunosuppressive TIME by inducing aberrant tumor vasculature formation, increasing fibrosis, and activating CAFs, resulting in poor perfusion, increased hypoxia, increased recruitment of suppressive immune cells; and the inhibition of CTL function, homing, and endothelial adhesion (87, 184–187).