In this study, we investigated the immune composition of CD38-expressing leukocytes in TILs, non-tumor tissue-infiltrating leukocytes (NILs), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF), bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing as well as validation using multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC). Here, CD38 is linked to neoplasm.