Tissue ischemia leading to hypoxia and oxidative stress in nAMD, coupled with chronic hyperglycemia in diabetic retinopathy, mediates increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which stimulate increased vascular permeability and pathological neovascularization (Campochiaro, 2013; Joussen et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and diabetic retinopathy.