The difference between mono-HIV- and mono-TB-infected patients was less pronounced: they differed only in four out of eight proinflammatory cytokines, namely: IFN-γ and IL-17, which were lower, and IL-1β and IL-12, which were higher, in HIV-1 compared to the TB-monoinfected patients (Figure 1A,C,E,G). This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and tuberculosis.