Furthermore, among HIV/TB patients, a higher percentage of individuals had undetectable levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, or IL-15 in plasma compared to the patients with TB monoinfection; the percentage of HIV/TB-coinfected individuals with undetectable levels of IL-1beta or IL-15 was also higher compared to patients with HIV-1 alone (Supplementary Table S1), altogether indicating severe suppression of inflammatory response mediated by hematopoietic cells. Here, TNF is linked to tuberculosis.