PARP1 and viral infectious disease: Future studies are required to examine if depletion of plant homologues of SMN [61,62] and WRAP53 [62] or applications of leptomycin B may redistribute coilin to nucleoli, which may cause nucleolar retention of PARP1 and over-accumulation of PARylated proteins, increased SA concentrations and attenuation of TRV or other plant virus infections.