VCAM1 and cancer: The strategies include targeting vascular endothelial growth factor/receptors [10,11,12], αvβ3 integrin receptors overexpressed on endothelial cells in various types of cancer [13,14,15], as well as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) [16,17,18,19] and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) [20,21].