TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Salbutamol (conventionally applied for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)) has shown poor tolerability and has been found to worsen ARDS patient outcomes [12]; simvastatin (an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor) has shown no effects on ARDS outcomes [13]; and Interferon β-1a (inhibits tumour necrosis factor (TNF), exerts antiviral and antiproliferative properties) has led to no significant reduction in ARDS patient mortality [14].